Prospective primary teachers´ knowledge about breastfeeding as part of scientific literacy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36681/tused.2025.006Keywords:
Breastfeeding, health education, primary education, science education, teacher educationAbstract
The conceptions that prospective primary teachers (PPTs) have about breastfeeding (BF) were explored as part of their training in school content related to health and the human body. For this, the PPTs answered a questionnaire designed ad hoc, without having received any prior training about the topic. The questionnaire had previously been validated by a panel of experts made up of midwives and researchers in science education. The results show that the PPTs have poorly informed ideas about both the biological processes associated with the genesis of breastmilk and the effects of BF on the mother and infant. Those ideas largely coincide with those of the rest of society (e.g., believing that there are women who produce milk that has insufficient nutritional value for their infants). The results are discussed with the goal of improving PPTs' scientific-didactic training about BF as a topic of scientific, social and environmental importance.
Downloads
References
Abad, F., Olea, J., Ponsoda, V., & García, C. (2011). Medición en ciencias sociales y de la salud [Measurement in Social sciencies and health sciencies]. Síntesis.
Aguayo-Maldonado, J., Gómez-Papí, A., Hernández-Aguilar, M. T., Lasarte-Velillas, J. J., Lozano de la Torre, M. J., & Pallás-Alonso, C. R. (2008). Manual de lactancia materna: de la teoría a la práctica [Handbook of briestfeeding: from theory to practice]. Editorial Médica Panamericana.
Angell, C., Alexander, J., & Hunt, J. A. (2011). How are babies fed? A pilot study exploring primary school children’s perceptions of infant feeding. Birth, 38(4), 346-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-536X.2011.00484.x
Bahamonde, N., & Pujol, R. M. (2005). Las ideas de un grupo de maestras de educación infantil sobre los conocimientos científicos a enseñar: el caso de los alimentos y la alimentación [The ideas of a group of early childhood education teachers on the scientific knowledge to be taught: the case of food and feeding]. Enseñanza de las Ciencias, (Extra), 1-5. https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/edlc/edlc_a2005nEXTRA/edlc_a2005nEXTRAp145laside.pdf
Banet, E. (2004). Aprendizaje y enseñanza de las ciencias en Educación Primaria: perspectivas actuales [Science learning and teaching in Primary Education: current trends]. En E. Banet Hernández (Ed.) Perspectivas para la ciencia en la Educación Primaria (pp. 13-59). Ministerio de Educación Política Social y Deporte.
Banet, E., & Núñez, F. (1991). Estudio de los alimentos: Plan de actuación basado en una secuencia constructivista del aprendizaje [Food study: actuation plan founded in a constructivist learning sequence]. Investigación en la Escuela, 13, 31-58. https://doi.org/10.12795/IE.1991.i13.03
Bottaro, S. M., & Giugliani, E. R. J. (2008). Estudo exploratório sobre aleitamento materno entre escolares de quinta série do Ensino Fundamental [Exploratory study about ideas about breastfeeding in fifth-Primary-school-pupils]. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 24(7), 1599-608. https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2008000700015
Brines J. & Billeaud C. (2021). Breast-Feeding from an Evolutionary Perspective. Healthcare (Basel), 9(11), 1458. doi: 10.3390/healthcare9111458
Charro Huerga E. (2016). La educación para la salud en la formación del maestro de primaria. Un estudio con el método Delphi. [Health education in primary teacher training. A study using the Delphi method]. (Thesis doctoral). Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid, Castilla y León. doi: 10.35376/10324/16808.
Charro-Huerga, E., & Charro, E. (2017). Formación del profesor de primaria en educación para la salud [Primary teachers training on health Education]. Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales y Sociales, 32(1), 183. https://doi.org/10.7203/dces.32.9968
Cisterna Cabrera, F. (2005). Categorización y triangulación como procesos de validación del conocimiento en investigación cualitativa [Categorization and triangulation as knowledge validation processes in qualitative research]. Theoria, 14(1), 61-71.
Coccia, C. C., Tamargo, J., & Macchi, A. K. (2020). Effects of nutrition knowledge, personal health and self-efficacy on food-related teaching practices of elementary school pre-service teachers. Health Education Journal, 79(8), 974-986. https://doi.org/10.1177/0017896920946061
Comité de Lactancia Materna de la Asociación Española de Pediatría (2004). Lactancia Materna: guía para profesionales [Breastfeeding: a guide for healthcare professionals]. Ergon.
Cullen, T., Hatch, J., Martin, W., Higgins, J. W., & Sheppard, R. (2015). Food literacy: definition and framework for action. Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research, 76(3), 140-145. https://dcjournal.ca/doi/10.3148/cjdpr-2015-010
Davanzo, R. (2018). Controversies in breastfeeding. Frontiers in pediatrics, 6, 278.
De la Cruz Sánchez, E. E. (2021). La educación alimentaria y nutricional como hecho educativo [Food Education as an educative fact]. LAURUS, 17(1), 232-253. https://www.academia.edu/38454162/La_Educaci%C3%B3n_Alimentaria_y_Nutricional_como_Hecho_Educativo
De Jong, O., Korthagen, F., & Wubbels, T. (1998). Research on Science Teacher Education in Europe: Teacher Thinking and Conceptual Change. In B. J. Fraser, & K. G. Tobin (eds.). International Handbook of Science Education (pp. 745-758). Kluwer.
Di Costanzo, M., Biasucci, G., Maddalena, Y., Di Scala, C., De Caro, C., Calignano, A., & Canani, R. B. (2021). Lactose Intolerance in Pediatric Patients and Common Misunderstandings About Cow's Milk Allergy. Pediatric Annals, 50(4), e178-e185.
Edgar, A., & Sebring, F. (2005). Anatomy of a working breast. New beginnings, 22(2), 44-50.
España, E., Cabello, A., & Blanco, A. (2014). La competencia en alimentación. Un marco de referencia para la educación obligatoria [Feeding competence: a framework for compulsory Education]. Enseñanza de las Ciencias, 32(3), 611-629. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/ensciencias.1080
Fernández Esquinas, M. (2003). Criterios de calidad en la investigación social: la producción de datos sociales [Quality criteria in social research: the production of social data.]. Empiria. Revista de metodología de ciencias sociales [Journal of social science methodology], (6), 47-77. https://doi.org/10.5944/empiria.6.2003.934
Galvão, D. M. P. G., & Silva, I. A. (2011). Portuguese school children breastfeeding experiences. Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP, 45(5), 1055-1062. https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0080-62342011000500004
Galvão, D. M. P. G., & Silva, I. A. (2013). The approach to breastfeeding in the first years of elementary school. Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP, 47(2), 468-476. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0080-62342013000200029
González, A. (2009). Concepciones y práctica reflexionada de docentes y enfermeras-os sobre la promoción de la alimentación saludable en la escuela [Teachers and nurses conceptions an reflective practice about promoting healthy feeding in school]. Investigación en la Escuela, 69, 87-98. https://doi.org/10.12795/IE.2009.i69.07
González, C. (2016). Manual práctico de lactancia materna [Practical handbook of breasfeeding]. ACPAM.
Hamade, H., Farah, N., Keyrouz, S., Hwalla, N., Karam, J., Al-Rustom, L., and Nasreddine, L. (2014). Breastfeeding knowledge, attitude, perceived behavior, and intention among female undergraduate university students in the Middle East: the case of Lebanon and Syria. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 35(2), 179-90.
Harrison, J. K. (2005). Science education and Health Education: Locating the Connection. Studies in Science Education, 41, 5190. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057260508560214
Hernández-Pérez, J. A., Hernández-Hernández, M. A., & Ramírez-Trujillo, M. A. (2021). Conocimiento y actitudes sobre los beneficios de la lactancia materna en universitarios [Knowledge and attitudes about the benefits of breastfeeding among university students]. CienciaUAT, 16(1), 42-61. https://doi.org/10.29059/cienciauat.v16i1.1536
Illescas-Navarro M., Criado, A. M., and Cruz-Guzmán, M. (2020). El cuerpo humano y la salud en libros de texto de Educación Primaria (6-11 años), ¿qué aportan al problema socio-científico sobre la lactancia materna como parte de la alimentación en la primera infancia? [The human being and the health in the Spanish Primary textbooks (6-11 years old). What do they provide to the socio-scientific problem of the nutrition in the early childhood?]. Revista Eureka sobre Enseñanza y Divulgación de las Ciencias,17(1), 1302. doi:10.25267/Rev_Eureka_ensen_divulg_cienc.2020.v17.i1.1302
International Study Center. (2017). TIMMS 2019 Science Framework. Boston College.
Jamie, K., O’Neill, R., Bows, H., & Hackshaw-McGeagh, L. (2020). Healthcare practitioner relationships, cultural health capital and breastfeeding support for adolescent mothers. Health Education Journal, 79(8), 901-913. https://doi.org/10.1177/0017896920915945
Jiménez, A. I. (2016). Educación sanitaria y su influencia en la lactancia materna en el Campo de Gibraltar [Health Education and its influence in breastfeeding in Gibraltar] [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Universidad de Málaga.
Junta de Andalucía. (2021). Plan Integral de la Obesidad Infantil de Andalucía 2021 [Integral plan about children obesity]. https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/export/drupaljda/2021_Informe_PIOBIN.pdf
Kalnina, I., Straumite, E., Klava, D., Kruma, Z., Bartkiene, E., Isoldi, K. K., Correia, P., Ferreira, M. & Guiné, R. P. F. (2022). Analysis of factors that influence eating habits in different countries. Journal of Hygienic Engineering and Design, 38, 169-179. https://keypublishing.org/jhed/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/06.-Full-paper-Ilze-Kalnina.pdf
Katsinde, S. M., & Srinivas, S. C. (2016). Breast feeding and the sustainable development agenda. Indian Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 9(3) 144-146.
Kim, J. H., Fiese, B. H. & Donovan S. M. (2017). Breastfeeding is natural but not the cultural norm: A mixed-methods study of first-time breastfeeding, African American mothers participating in WIC. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. 49, S151-S161.e1
Kokolaki, A. & Stavrou, D. (2023). Pre-Service Primary Teachers Develop Teaching Artifacts on Contemporary Socioscientific Issues. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 34(3), 287-306, https://doi.org/10.1080/1046560X.2022.2078546
Kong, S. K., & Lee, D. T. (2004). Factors influencing decision to breastfeed. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 46(4), 369-379. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03003.x
Koura, H. (2019). Myths about breastfeeding. Al-Azhar Assiut Medical Journal, 17(2), 109-113.
Lamanauskas, V. & Augienė, D. (2019). Identifying primary school teachers’ health literacy. Journal of Turkish Science Education,16(4),451-466. hhtps://doi.org/10.36681/tused.2020.0
Latorre, A. (2003). Investigación-acción. Conocer y cambiar la práctica educativa [Action-investigation. Knowing and changing the educative practice]. Graó.
Lobstein, T. (2015). Prevalence and Trends Across the World. In M.L. Frelut (Ed.), The ECOG’s eBook on Child and Adolescent Obesity. https://ebook.ecog-obesity.eu
Martínez Rubio, A. & Grupo PrevInfad Infancia y adolescencia. (2008). Supervisión de la alimentación en la población infantil y juvenil [Food monitoring in the infant and juvenile population]. Revista Pediatría Atención Primaria, 10(37), 99-133.
Martínez, P. (2015). Lactancia Materna ¡lo que hay que oír! Compendio de mitos y situaciones absurdas alrededor de la lactancia materna [Breastfeeding. What you have to hear! Myths compendium about breastfeeding]. Columbia.
Membiela, P. & Cid, M. C. (1998). Desarrollo de una unidad didáctica centrada en la alimentación humana, social y culturalmente contextualizada [The design of a teaching unit about basic feeding, socially and culturally contextualized]. Enseñanza de las Ciencias, 18(3), 494-511. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/ensciencias.4124
Mengual-Andrés, S., Roig-Vila, R., & Mira, J. B. (2016). Delphi study for the design and validation of a questionnaire about digital competences in higher education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 13, 1-11.
Ministerio de Sanidad. (2018). Situación de salud. Informe Anual del Sistema Nacional de Salud 2018 [Health status. Annual Report of the National Health System]. https://www.sanidad.gob.es/estadEstudios/estadisticas/sisInfSanSNS/tablasEstadisticas/InfAnualSNS2018/Cap.2_SituacionSalud.pdf
Monterrosa, E. C., Frongillo, E. A., Drewnowski, A., de Pee, S., and Vandevijvere, S. (2020). Sociocultural Influences on Food Choices and Implications for Sustainable Healthy Diets. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 41(2), 59S-73S. doi:10.1177/0379572120975874
Moukarzel, S., Mamas, C., Farhat, A., & Daly, A. J. (2019). Getting schooled: teachers’ views on school-based breastfeeding education in Lebanon. International breastfeeding journal, 14(1), 3.
Nanayakkara, J., Margerison, C., & Worsley, A. (2017). Importance of food literacy education for senior secondary school students: Food system professionals’ opinions. International Journal of Health Promotion and Education, 55(5-6), 284-295. https://doi.org/10.1080/14635240.2017.1372695
Nsiah-Asamoah, C., Doku, D. T., Agblorti, S. (2020). Mothers’ and Grandmothers’ misconceptions and socio-cultural factors as barriers to exclusive breastfeeding: A qualitative study involving Health Workers in two rural districts of Ghana. PLoS ONE, 15(9), e0239278. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239278
Núñez, F., & Banet, E. (1997). Students’ conceptual patterns of human nutrition. International Journal of Science Education, 19(5), 509-526. https://doi.org/10.1080/0950069970190502
OECD (2019), PISA 2018 Assessment and Analytical Framework. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/b25efab8-en
Olde Bekkink, M., Donders, A. R., Kooloos, J. G., de Waal, R. M., & Ruiter, D. J. (2016). Uncovering students’ misconceptions by assessment of their written questions. BMC medical education, 16, 1-7.
Ortuzar-Iragorri, A., Uskola, A., & Zamalloa, T. (2024). Early childhood preservice teachers’ knowledge of micro-organisms and cystitis. Journal of Turkish Science Education, 21(1), 1-21. DOI: 10.36681/tused.2024.001
Padró, A. (2020). Somos la leche: Dudas, consejos y falsos mitos sobre la lactancia (Embarazo, bebé y niño) [We are very cool (meaning of a Spanish expression using the word ‘milk’): Doubts, advice and myths about breastfeeding]. Grijalbo.
Pallás-Alonso, C. R. (2006). Promoción de la lactancia materna [Breastfeeding promotion]. PrevInfad (AEPap)/PAPPS infancia y adolescencia, 1-29. http://www.aeped.es/sites/default/files/4-promocion_de_lactancia_previnfad.pdf
Palma-Jiménez, M., Cebrián-Robles, D. & Blanco-López, A. (2023). Impact of Instruction Based on a Validated Learning Progression on the Argumentation Competence of Preservice Elementary Science Teachers. Science & Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-023-00468-x
Palma-Jiménez, M., Cebrián Robles, D., & Blanco López, A. (2024). Razonamiento de profesorado de Educación Primaria en Formación Inicial sobre la controversia sociocientífica “leche materna versus leche de fórmula”. Influencia de una propuesta formativa. Revista Eureka sobre Enseñanza y Divulgación de las Ciencias, 21(1), 1601. https://doi.org/10.25267/Rev_Eureka_ensen_divulg_cienc.2024.v21.i1.1601
Palomino Urbano, N. G. (2020). Nivel de conocimiento sobre la lactancia materna exclusiva en puérperas de 20 a 35 años en el Hospital Rezola [Level of knowledge about exclusive breastfeeding in postpartum women aged 20 to 35 years at Rezola Hospital]. [Unpublished grade’s thesis] Cañete.
Paricio, J. M. (2020). El libro de la lactancia [The breastfeeding book]. Vergara.
Perez-Escamilla, R. (2020). Breastfeeding in the 21st century: How we can make it work. Social Science & Medicine, 244, 112331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.05.036
Pozo Tamayo, A., Cubero Juánez, J., & Ruiz Macías, C. (2014). Elaboración de cuestionarios para la detección de conocimientos previos en Educación para la Salud, Sexualidad y Nutrición de un grupo de estudiantes de secundaria de un Centro Penitenciario Español. Campo Abierto: Revista de educación, 33(2), 43-64.
Real Decreto [Royal Decree] 157/2022, de 1 de marzo, por el que se establecen la ordenación y las enseñanzas mínimas de la Educación Primaria [Organisation and minimum teaching of primary education]. Boletín Oficial del Estado, 52, de 2 de marzo de 2022, p.p. 24386 - 24504. https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2022/03/01/157
Rodrigo, M. (1995). Concepciones de los futuros profesores de primaria sobre Educación para la Salud [Conceptions of prospective primary school teachers about health education]. Revista Interuniversitaria de Formación del Profesorado, 24, 173-180.
Rodrigo, M., & Ejeda, J. (2009). Concepciones erróneas sobre alimentación en futuros profesores. Construcción de conocimiento pedagógico [Future teachers’ misconceptions about food. Building pedagogical knowledge]. Teoría de la Educación, 20, 225-247. https://doi.org/10.14201/991
Rodrigo, M., Ejeda, J., González Panero, M., & Mijancos, M. (2014). Concepciones sobre alimentación en estudiantes de magisterio y enfermería. Construcción del conocimiento pedagógico en cuestiones dietéticas [Conceptions on Food for future teachers and nurses. Construction of pedagogical knowledge on dietetic issues]. Teoría de la Educación, 26(1), 187-209. https://doi.org/10.14201/teoredu2014261187209
Rodríguez Vázquez, L. (2012). Prácticas, hábitos y conductas vs educación y cultura alimentarias [Food practices, habits and behaviours vs. food education and culture]. Revista Española de Nutrición Comunitaria, 18(1) 39-52. https://www.renc.es/imagenes/auxiliar/files/Nutr_1-2012_art%206.pdf
Schibeci, R. A., & Hickey, R. (2000). Is it natural or processed? Elementary school teachers and conceptions about materials. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 37(10), 1154-1170. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-2736(200012)37:10%3C1154::AID-TEA7%3E3.0.CO;2-6
Sibic, O. & Topcu, M. S. (2020). Pre-service science teachers’ views towards socio-scientific issues and socio-scientific issue-based instruction. Journal of Education in Science, Environment and Health (JESEH), 6(4), 268-281. DOI:10.21891/jeseh.749847
Singletary, N., Chetwynd, E., Goodell, L. S. & Fogleman, A. (2017). Stakeholder views of breastfeeding education in schools: a systematic mixed studies review of the literature. International Breastfeeding Journal, 12, 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-017-0106-0
Slater, J., Falkenberg, T., Rutherford, J., & Colatruglio, S. (2018). Food literacy competencies: A conceptual framework for youth transitioning to adulthood. Interna, 42, 547-556. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12471
Spear, H. J. (2007). College students’ experiences and attitudes regarding middle and high school–based breastfeeding education. The Journal of School Nursing, 23(5), 276-282. https://doi.org/10.1177/10598405070230050601
Stuart-Macadam, P., & Dettwyler, K. (1995). Breastfeeding Biocultural Perspectives. Aldine De Gruyter.
Suárez-Cotelo, M., Movilla-Fernández, M. J., Pita-García, P., Arias, B. F., & Novío, S. (2019). Breastfeeding knowledge and relation to prevalence. Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP, 53, e03433. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2018004503433
Subiantoro, A. W., Treagust, D., Tang, K. S. (2023). Student reasoning during socio-scientific issues-based learning with a role play: a case study of breastfeeding versus milk formula. Journal of Biological Education, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/00219266.2023.2250346
Subiantoro, A. W., Treagust, D., & Tang, K. S. (2021). Indonesian biology teachers’ perceptions about socio-scientific issue-based biology instruction. Asia-Pacific Science Education, 7(2), 452-476.
Uskola, A., Zamalloa, T., & Achurra, A. (2022). Using multiple strategies in deepening the understanding of the digestive system. Journal of Biological Education, 58(2), 364–382. https://doi.org/10.1080/00219266.2022.2064896
Vallone, F. (2009). Pequeños grandes clientes: la publicidad de sucedáneos de la leche materna en dos revistas pediátricas de Argentina entre 1977 y 2006 [Big little customers: the advertising of breast-milk substitutes in two pediatric journals in Argentina between 1977 and 2006]. Salud colectiva, 5(1), 87-105. Recuperado de http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1851-82652009000100006&lng=es&tlng=es
Van Acker, F., & Bakker, E. (2012). A Functional Assessment of the Impact of Advantages and Disadvantages on Breastfeeding Attitude. Psicológica, 33(3), 533-545.
Vargas-Zarate, M., Becerra-Bulla, F., Balsero-Oyuela, S. Y., & Meneses-Burbano, Y. S. (2020). Lactancia materna: mitos y verdades. Artículo de revisión [Breastfeeding: myths and truths. Review article]. Revista de la Facultad de Medicina, 68(4), 608-616. https://doi.org/10.15446/revfacmed.v68n4.74647
Victora, C. G, Bahl, R., Barros, A. J., França, G. V, Horton, S. Krasvec, J., Murch, S., Sankar, M. J., Walker, N., & Rollings, N. C. (2017). Breasfeeding in the 21st Century: epidemiology, machanism, and lifeholf effect. Lancet, 387, 475-490. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(15)01024-7
Villalobos, A. V. K., Davis, C., Turner, M. M., Long, S., Hull, S., Lapinski, M. K. (2021). Breastfeeding in Context: African American Women’s Normative Referents, Salient Identities, and Perceived Social Norms. Health Education & Behavior. 48(4), 496-506. doi:10.1177/10901981211014445
Wahren, C. G. & De Cunto, C. L. (2004). La publicidad en las revistas médicas, esa delgada línea roja [Advertising in medical journals, that thin red line]. Archivos Argentinos de Pediatría, 102(6), 422-424.
Wanjohi, M., Griffiths, P., Wekesah, F., Muriuki, P., Muhia, N., Musoke, R. N., Fouts, H. N., Madise, N. J., & Kimani-Murage, E. W. (2016). Sociocultural factors influencing breastfeeding practices in two slums in Nairobi, Kenya. International breastfeeding journal, 12(5), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-016-0092-7
World Health Organization [WHO]. (2009). Baby-friendly hospital initiative: revised, updated and expanded for integrated care. Section 2. Strengthening and sustaining the baby-friendly hospital initiative: a course for decision-makers. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43593
World Health Organization [WHO]. (2021). Infant and young child feeding. Key facts. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infant-and-young-child-feeding
World Health Organization [WHO]. (2023). e-Library of Evidence for Nutrition Actions (eLENA). Breastfeeding education for increased breastfeeding duration. https://www.who.int/tools/elena/interventions/breastfeeding-education
Yun, A., Shi, C. & Jun, B.G. (2022). Dealing with Socio-Scientific Issues in Science Exhibition: a Literature Review. Research in Science Education 52, 99–110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-020-09930-0
Zalewski, B. M., Patro, B., Veldhorst, M., Kouwenhoven, S., Crespo Escobar, P., Calvo Lerma, J., Koletzko, B., van Goudoever, J. B., & Szajewska, H. (2017). Nutrition of infants and young children (one to three years) and its effect on later health: A systematic review of current recommendations (EarlyNutrition project). Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 57(3), 489-500. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2014.888701
Zeyer, A. (2013). Health Education and Science Education. In R. Gunstone (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Science Education. Springer.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Turkish Science Education
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
This license enables reusers to copy and distribute the material in any medium or format in unadapted form only, for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator. CC BY-NC-ND includes the following elements: Credit must be given to the creator; only noncommercial uses of the work are permitted; no derivatives or adaptations of the work are permitted.
